followed by many outside of Germany, used until recently to say without hesitation that Augustus never issued any decree ordering a census, that there never was under the empire any regular system of census, that where any casual census was held the presence of the wife was not required but only of the husband, and that his presence was never required at his original home.”1 Luke said all these things which the modern critics flatly deny. Who is right, Luke or the critics? The unfair attitude toward